Pi (Upper) in LaTeX (\Pi)

Where it is used

Uppercase Greek Pi, an ordinary letter used for projections, profit, and osmotic pressure.

\Pi is a fixed-size letter, not the product operator; for products over an index use \prod, which scales and positions limits. As a letter, \Pi names projection maps, the profit function in economics, osmotic pressure, and the pi-calculus in computer science. Type theory writes dependent function types as \Pi_{x:A} B(x). Complexity theory uses \Pi_k for levels of the polynomial hierarchy. Capital Greek letters are upright by default, and \varPi gives an italic variant if needed.

Minimal compilable example

Paste this into an empty .tex file and compile it with pdfLaTeX, XeLaTeX or LuaLaTeX.

\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
Pi (Upper): $\Pi$

\[ \Pi = R(q) - C(q), \quad \frac{d\Pi}{dq} = 0 \]
\end{document}

Related symbols

• Rho\rho
• Pi\pi
• Sigma\sigma
• Xi (Upper)\Xi
• Sigma (Upper)\Sigma
• Xi\xi

Frequently asked questions

How do I write Pi (Upper) in LaTeX?

Type \Pi in math mode, for example $\Pi = R(q) - C(q), \quad \frac{d\Pi}{dq} = 0$. It works in plain LaTeX without loading any package.

Which package do I need for \Pi?

None. \Pi is part of standard LaTeX, so it compiles with nothing in the preamble but the document class.

Can I use \Pi in text mode, or only in math mode?

Only in math mode. Outside $...$ LaTeX stops with "Missing $ inserted", so write $\Pi$ in running text. If you only need the glyph in text, paste the Unicode character Π instead (with XeLaTeX or LuaLaTeX and a font that has it).